Ap Chemistry Redox Titration Lab free essay sample

In this lab, 0. 010 M purple-colored potassium permanganate solution was standardized by redox titration with iron (II) ammonium sulfate hexahydrate (FAS). The average mass of the three flasks of FAS was 0. 483 grams. Once the concentration of the standard solution of KMnO4 (aq) was determined, it was used to determine the concentration of Fe2+ in iron pills. We will write a custom essay sample on Ap Chemistry Redox Titration Lab or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On average, there was 0. 01813 L of solution used. With this information and the balanced net-ionic equation 10Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2*6H2O+2KMnO4+H2SO4 gt; 5Fe2(SO4)3+(NH4)2SO4+K2SO4+2MnSO4+H2O, the average percentage by mass composition of Fe2+ in iron pill samples was 16. 99%. (103) INTRODUCTION: The scientific concept of this lab was to titrate potassium permanganate with iron (II) ammonium sulfate hexahydrate in order to oxidize the Fe2+ to Fe3+. Then the concentration of the standard solution of KMnO4 (aq) will be used to determine the concentration of Fe2+ in iron pills. The purpose of the lab is to first standardize a stock KMnO4 (aq), and then determine the percentage Fe2+ in iron pills. The expected outcome of this lab was for the percentage of Fe2+ in the iron pills to be 17%. This is what was on the bottle of iron pills, and the point of the lab was to use titration to retrieve as much if the iron as possible. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The procedure for the standardization of KMnO4 (aq) was to first fill a clean 50 mL buret with 0. 0100 M KMnO4 (aq). Three clean Erlenmeyer flasks needed to be labeled, and a piece of FAS needed to be weighed to 0. 5g on a piece of weighing paper. Flask 1 was tarred and tapped into the FAS. The mass was then recorded. This was then repeated with flask 2 and 3. 0 mL of water and 5 mL of 3M H2SO4 was added to the three flasks. 50 mL of water was put in a beaker and 1 drop of permanganate solution was added. The color intensity of the mixture matched the standard and remained for 5 seconds or more. The initial volume was recorded to 0. 01 mL. Permanganate was then added to the FAS solution in flask 1 until the equivalent point was reached . The final volume was recorded and the permanganate solution used was determined. The titration process was repeated using FAS in flask 2 and 3. The flasks were then washed down the drain and rinsed with distilled water. Moles of Fe2+ ions present was calculated from the mass of FAS. The balanced equation was used to find the moles of KMnO4 needed to reach the same point. The three molarities of the permanganate solutions were then calculated. The molarities were added to the class data which would calculate the overall molarity for permanganate solutions. The procedure for the analysis of the iron pill was to first grind 2 iron pills in a mortar and pistol. There was 63 mg of iron per pill. 0. 3 grams was weighed on weighing paper, and an Erlenmeyer flask was tarred. The powder was then put in the flask and massed to 0. 01 g. This was then repeated with the second sample. 25 mL water, 15 mL 3M H2SO4, and a few drops of H3PO4(aq) was added to each flask and swirled until the iron pill was dissolved. The initial volume of the reading in the buret was recorded, and permanganate was added to the iron pill solution in flask 1 until the same point is reached. The final volume reading was recorded, and the exact volume of the permanganate used was found. The titration process was repeated using the iron pill in flask 2. The mixtures in flasks were washed down the drain, and the flasks were rinsed with water. The buret was rinsed with tap water and the stopcock was open for storage. RESULTS: Standardization: FAS mass Flask #1: 0. 500 gtarred: 0. 485 g FAS mass Flask #2: 0. 501 gtarred: 0. 496 g FAS mass Flask #3: 0. 497 gtarred: 0. 467 g KMnO4 |Initial V (mL) |Final V (mL) |Solution used (mL) | |Titration #1 |0. 01 |25. 45 |25. 44 | |Titration #2 |0. 00 |26. 36 |26. 36 | |Titration #3 |0. 00 |24. 31 |24. 31 | |Iron Pills: Iron Pill mass Flask #1: 0. 286 g Iron Pill mass Flask #2: 0. 293 g KMnO4 |Initial V (mL) |Final V (mL) |Solution used (mL) | |Titration #1 |0. 00 |18. 09 |18. 09 | |Titration #2 |0. 00 |18. 17 |18. 7 | |The data found in this lab allowed for the discovery of the percentage by composition of Fe2+ in the iron pills. For the standardization data, the different titrations is the independent variable, and the volumes of KMnO4 is the dependent variable. In order to find the percentage by composition of Fe2+ in the iron pills, the KMnO4 needed to be titrated and the starting, final, and solution used needed to be recorded. The solution used will later be used in liters to find the molarity of each flask of KMnO4. The data above the table is how much FAS was in each flask when it was tarred, and with the flask itself. For the iron pills data, the different titrations is the dependent variable, and the volumes of KMnO4 is the dependent variable. For each titration, the initial, final, and solution used is recorded on this data table also. The solution used will later be used in liters to determine the grams of Fe2+. The data above the table is how much iron was in each flask measured in grams. CALCULATIONS: Flask 1: 0. 485g (1 mol FAS/392. 16g) (2 mol KMnO4/10 mol FAS) = 2. 473*10-4 mol KMnO4 Flask 2: 0. 496g (1 mol FAS/392. 16g) (2 mol KMnO4/10 mol FAS) = 2. 530*10-4 mol KMnO4 Flask 3: 0. 467g (1 mol FAS/392. 6g) (2 mol KMnO4/10 mol FAS) = 2. 340*10-4 mol KMnO4 Flask 1: (2. 473*10-4 mol KMnO4/0. 02544L) = 0. 00972M Flask 2: (2. 530*10-4 mol KMnO4/0. 02636L) = 0. 00960M Flask 3: (2. 340*10-4 mol KMnO4/0. 02431L) = 0. 00980M Average M = 0. 00971M Flask 1: 0. 01809L (0. 00971 mol/1L) = 1. 7565*10-4 mol MnO4- 1. 7565*10-4 mol MnO4- (0. 00971 mol/1L) (5 mol/1 mol) = 8. 78270*10-4 mol Fe2+8. 78270*10-4 mol Fe2+ (55. 85g Fe2+/1 mol Fe2+) = 0. 04905g Fe2+ Flask 2: 0. 018171L (0. 00971 mol/1L) = 1. 7643*10-4 mol MnO4- 1. 7643*10-4 mol MnO4- (5 mol/1 mol) (0. 00971mol/1L) = 8. 8215 mol Fe2+ 8. 8215 mol Fe2+ (55. 85g/1 mol) = 0. 492g Fe2+ (0. 04905g Fe2+/0. 286g Fe2+) * 100 = 17. 15% (0. 0492g Fe2+/0. 293g Fe2+) * 100 = 16. 82% 17. 15% + 16. 82% = 33. 97% (33. 97% / 2) = 16. 99% DISCUSSION: The results from the lab procedure fully support the lab results expected. If the validity of the lab was not reliable, then the percentage of iron in the iron pills would not be 17%. The results from the lab was 16. 99% which is extremly close to the actual percentage of iron. The results compare with the manufacturer’s stated vcalue of %Fe because the results were over the percentage depicted by the company by . 31%. There were 389. 5mg in each pill, and 16. 9% of this would be 66. 18mg. Compared to 65mg which was determined by taking 10 pills, weighing them, and dividing by 10, the desired yield was reached. Any mistake in discrepancy greater than 5% would be a mistake in the titration process or misweighed mass. Titration was used in this lab to oxidize the Fe2+ to Fe 3+ in the FAS, using potassium permanganate solution. It was then used to determine the concentration of Fe2+ in iron pills. The results supported the scientific concept of titration because the process was done right and carefully in order to get the closest results to 17% as possible. There was one validity error made in the lab though while the titration process was being done. With flask #2, the stopcock on the buret was not turned parallel to the ground in time and too much KMnO4 was added to the flask. This caused the color to be more of a light magenta color, instead of a peachy or salmony color like flask #1 and #3 were. As explained before, this did not interfere with the results of the percentage of iron in the iron pills, as it was . 01% away from being exactly correct. It is still a validity error, and needs to be taken into account. For the next time this lab is performed, the person doing the titrating should be extremly careful to do it right and take their time, in order to get the best results possible. (Picture: To the left is flask #1, the middle is flask #2 and shows the validity error, and to the right is flask #3. Flask #1 had a translucent peachy color, flask #2 had a translucent light magenta color, and flask #3 had a translucent salmon color (the lightest). ) CONCLUSION: This lab definitely explains how to do a titration, but also gives a hands on experience and visual of the chemical reaction of iron oxidizing from Fe2+ to Fe3+. It also gives a hands experience and visual of determining the concentration of Fe2+ in iron pills. This lab was quantitative because it refers to how much the amount of the present element or compound there is. The theoritical data compares to the experimental data because the theoretical data gave the conclusion that there was 17% iron in the iron pills. The experimental results gave a very similar result at 16. 99%. With those results, this lab was a success and brought to the conclusion that even with a small error with the titration, the validity of this lab is very reliable.

Essays on Plato and Aristotle part 2

Essays on Plato and Aristotle part 2 Essays on Plato and Aristotle part 2 Essays on Plato and Aristotle part 2Essays on Plato and Aristotle part  1Aristotle pays a great portion of attention towards studies of human soul, working out the structure of it. The basis is made with two elements: rational and irrational. Irrational element is the one shared with animals, whereas rational belongs to human beings. It is clear that people need to eat in order to survive in adulthood and to grow in the childhood, thus vegetative faculty belongs to irrational element. Organisms, which do not experience any problems in this relation are said to have nutritional virtue.   The role of the appetitive faculty is more sophisticated, it is responsible for human emotions and desires. This faculty is thus standing between rational and irrational segments; animals are able to experience emotions and desires and it makes it irrational. People in their turn are able not only to experience desires, but to control them with the help of common sense, which makes it rational as well. Exactly this ability to control desires is called morality or moral virtue. â€Å"Aristotle notes that there is a purely rational part of the soul, the calculative, which is responsible for the human ability to contemplate, reason logically, and formulate scientific principles. The mastery of these abilities is called intellectual virtue† (Ferguson, 1972). Aristotle investigated the source of the ability to control the desires and concluded that it comes from practice and learning. However, it is rather important to understand the degree of this control, because over – as well as insufficient control might become the sources of problems. The philosopher compares this process with physical training, when enough training does well to the sportsman and excess of psychical exercises would lead to physical collapse.The virtues, which regulate the desires, according to Aristotle, do not belong to either mental faculties or emotions; rather they are the traits of a char acter. In practice this theory might be applied as in the following example. All people experience fear in various life situations. They should do their best to develop the corresponding response to this feeling. If this response is too little – a person becomes coward; and on the contrary – if it is developed to an extreme – the reactions of such individual would be too rash and unexpected. An important thing here is that the needed rational quantity can not be calculated mathematically. He proves it with a simple example, if to take 200 apples   eating all of them would be too much for a person, at the same time eating zero apples – would be too little, but it doesn’t mean, that eating 100 apples is ok. It is necessary to study the concrete situation in order to conclude, where the needed mean is. Finding the mean between the two extremes is the most difficult task for any individual.The idea of morality is connected to the faculty of moral in sight. â€Å"The truly good person is at the same time a person of perfect insight, and a person of perfect insight is also perfectly good. Our idea of the ultimate end of moral action is developed through habitual experience, and this gradually frames itself out of particular perceptions† (Ferguson, 1972). Moral action is not simply the process of realization of it, neither a result of simple desire, which actually narrows all objects to two groups: those bringing pleasure and those bringing pain. If we are talking about morality, it should be stimulated by desire and controlled by understanding. All the choices, either with good or bad intentions are done with free will. Only those actions might be considered involuntary, which were taken because of other person’s pressure. The views of Aristotle on the notion of morality and the moral choices of people seem to be profound and many-sided. Most of his statements seem to be generally true to life and actual for todayâ €™s society and human beings as well.Aristotle underlined the close connection of politics and ethics, practically naming the politics the verification of ethics. Moral ideas in relation to politics were the same means for achievement of individual happiness, because human beings are in their nature social beings and exist in unions. Thus the smallest units are families, then come cities and finally states. â€Å"The state in fact is no mere local union for the prevention of wrong doing, and the convenience of exchange. It is also no mere institution for the protection of goods and property. It is a genuine moral organization for advancing the development of humans† (Ferguson, 1972). Talking about family relations, Aristotle mentioned the relations between parents and children, husbands and wives and masters and slaves. Slaves here are defined as alive property of their masters and slavery is considered by Aristotle as a kind of natural institution, with the corresponding subdivisions into slaves by nature and those, who became slaves after conquests and wars. Wealth is measured by the quantity of money, or better to say the possibilities to use it. Financial exchange between individuals started with bartering, which further developed into financial relations.If the notions of wealth and finance are more or less acceptable till nowadays, it is necessary to note, that the attitude towards slavery has been changed immensely. Modern societies do not accept any form of slavery and there was a long history for the whole mankind to achieve this goal.Overall, we have studied the general information about the famous philosopher and scientist – Aristotle; discussed his views upon ethics, politics, metaphysics and religion; compared his views to his teacher Plato, as well as commented on their actuality for the modern world and individuals.

History J3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History J3 - Essay Example uiano gives a vivid description of the Middle Passage which demonstrates the terror of the prisoners, the abject conditions on board and the attitude of the slavers to their cargo. The captured African slaves are absolutely terrified on their passage. The main reason for this fear is the ignorance of the Africans, as this is their first encounter with Europeans. Equiano’s horror is â€Å"heightened by my ignorance of what I was to undergo† (Equiano, 1789).The fair complexion, long hair and alien language of the white men makes Equiano believe that they are â€Å"bad spirits, and that they were going to kill me† (Equiano, 1789). The large copper furnace and the dejected, fettered prisoners reinforce his fear of being sacrificed. Another factor which contributes to Equiano’s fear is the water: â€Å"not being used to the water, I naturally feared that element the first time I saw it† (Equiano, 1789). Most of the captured slaves are from interior Africa and have never seen the sea. The ship and its navigation seem magical to the Africans. The conditions on board the slave ship are extremely miserable. The slaves are confined to the unventilated hold, where they are chained and packed tightly together. The initial cargo of slaves is supplemented by the additional slaves taken on at sea. This makes the hold â€Å"so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself† (Equiano, 1789). Equiano paints â€Å"a scene of horror almost inconceivable†: the heat, the toxic miasma of perspiration, the suffocating atmosphere, the increasing irritation of the chains, the groans of the dying, the shrieks of the women, the stench of humanity and the tubs of human excreta â€Å"into which the children often fell, and were almost suffocated†   (Equiano, 1789). The stink of the holds is beyond tolerance.The pestilential air makes the slaves ill and even causes fatalities. The rations are insufficient to satisfy the slaves’ appetite. It is a mark of the slavers’ spite that they

Financial Review of Southern Textiles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial Review of Southern Textiles - Essay Example f) Based on the information about potential returns on investments in the first paragraph and information 0n marginal cost of capital ( in parts a, c, and e) how large a capital investment budget should the firm use Project A will increase the firm's processed yarn capacity and has an expected return of 15% after taxes. Project B will increase the capacity for woven fabrics and carries a return of 13.5%. Project C, a venture into synthetic fibers, is expected to earn 11.2% and Project D, an investment into dye and textile chemicals, is expected to show a 10.5 % return. Project A 15% 25 million Project B 13.50% 25 million Project C 11.20% 25 million Project D 10.50% 25 million 100 Project C and D yield lower rates of return than 11.304% . Hence they should not be taken up Investment budget should be for Projects A and B= 25+25=50 million g) Graph the answer determined in part f.

Discussion 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Discussion 6 - Essay Example s the people in IT business and other professionals to know what new opportunities are there, challenges likely to be faced and the trends in the system. In today’s competitive global market people are looking for new opportunities to reduce cost, improve their efficiency in work and gain an edge in the market. Business people are using IT as their tool to realize their aims. The use of disruptive new technologies social networks, content-mobile apps along with proliferation of private and public cloud is making companies to assess the impact this new technologies in their businesses. Business leaders are supposed to understand the use and importance of this new advancement and use them in the improvement of their businesses (Overby, 2013). There is need of listening to the customers in this digital market in order to understand the consume ration of IT. Businesses are filled with large data, a cloud of computing information and mobile services. The argument of Overby that equilibrium of jobs offshore and onshore will be attained is quite correct. Advancement in technology makes works more efficient and creates more job opport unities and development of a

Comparing US-Canadian Healthcare Systems

Comparing US-Canadian Healthcare Systems Health care in many parts of the world is considered a basic right that should be given to people. Access is crucial in order to ensure the efficient delivery of basic health care services. In general, health care systems are organized in order to provide treatment of diagnosed health care problems and these systems are usually government-run, meaning they utilize the peoples taxes. Though most of the health care systems differ, they share common goals and outcomes as well as features that identify them with the universal health standards. Since the end of the Second World War, universal health coverage remained a contentious public issue in the United States. Today, it is the only wealthy nation in the world to not yet adopt universal health coverage. The debate is often framed by comparing the efficiency of the U.S. healthcare system with that of other affluent nations. Though practically joined to the hip in terms of history and geography, the health care systems of the U.S. and Canada are always basis for comparison because they offer two contrasting models. Canada, like many developed countries in Europe, follow a universal and single-payer healthcare system while the U.S. has decided to retain a limited and multi-payer system of health care. A comparison of the health care systems of both countries reveal that in terms of accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and health care outcomes, the Canadian health care system may be a better model from which the U.S. could learn from. Public Policy, Coverage and Access: It is presumed that the government, being the sole purveyor of public policies must address the aspect of health issues and its impact on the citizenry. There is an extensive involvement in the medical market place including financing, direct supervision, regulation, and subsidization (Henderson 2008). In addition, 45 percent of health care spending comes from government sources such as Medicare, Medicaid and various health plans for both civilian and military (Henderson 2008). The United States remained to be the only economically developed country that has not provided universal health care access to its population so that today, millions of Americans remain uninsured (Brown and Lavarreda 2007). Moreover, because there is no universal access to health care services, not all Americans are entitled to even the routine and basic health care services (Shi and Singh 2009). The issue of health insurance coverage remains to be a contentious point because it is the principal financial means where people can obtain their health care services. Its importance is noted on several studies that compare the access of insured and uninsured people as well as in the studies that validates over time the effects of losing or acquiring insurance and its health status. Since absence of the universal health care access is present in the United States, several subsystems have evolved from either through market forces or the need to take care of certain population segments (Shi a nd Singh 2009). In Canada, a single-payer system is managed by the government for the delivery of healthcare. This entitles every citizen to have a universal access regardless of the ability to pay (Howard-Hassmann and Welch 2006). The universal single-payer system differs from what is being employed in the United States privately funded system. Here, every citizen carries a health care card that can be used in seeking medical intervention without the burden of paying the bill immediately (Howard Hassmann and Welch 2006). The funding is generally from the federal government but certain provisions vary depending on the province. It was in 1962 that a major reform in the health care delivery policy of Canada was done starting with the province of Saskatchewan, which was subsequently adopted in the whole country (Kendall 2008). Reform attempts in the United States during Clintons administration faced a strong opposition from insurance companies who held most of the funding (Howard Hassmann and Welch 2006). In addition, various obstacles such as political and ideological factors, the complexity of the proposed reform plan and the diverse opinions in all the fifty states all militated against the passage of much-needed health care reform (Howard Hassmann and Welch 2006). Until present, the problem persists and more than 40 million Americans are not covered by health insurance (Shi and Singh 2009). The Price and Quality of Health Care: The concept of quality of care in the booming health care industry is more than just an idea. It entails essential details for patient care and the ability to cover up the finances. According to the Institute of Medicine (1990), quality is defined as the degree to which health services for individuals and populations increase the likelihood of desired health outcomes (quality principles) and are consistent with the current professional knowledge (professional practitioner skill) and meet the expectations of the healthcare user (the marketplace) (Cohn and Hough 2008). This view suggests that good clinical quality produces quality outcomes because the efficiency of the medical practice reduces medical malpractice liability and ultimately enhances financial viability (Cohn and Hough 2008).The National Quality Forum (NFQ) as a non-profit organization seeks to promote new guidelines, standards and quality measures to resolve serious and persistent quality deficiencies; it also seeks to re concile the superfluous and often incompatible guidelines, standards and measures of reporting be various health care organizations dedicated to the improvement of quality health care management (Jonas, Goldsteen and Goldsteen 2007). The issue of regionalization that started in Saskatchewan was seen by others as a way of redirecting the responsibility of budget and funding allocations from the Cabinet down to the provinces regional board (Beach, et al. 2006). This leads to the major advantage of the Canadian health care system over the United States reflected in the reduction of administrative costs. Administrative costs reach 20 percent of the U.S. health care dollar while Canada covers only 10 percent (Kendall 2008). Altogether, with the introduction of the publicly funded system, the cost is well controlled and the Canadian health expenditure per capita increased from 1975 to 1991 but significantly declined by 0.3 % per year (Rapoport, Jacobs and Jonsson 2009). From an economic perspective, the price of health care should equal to the marginal cost of production where most of this scheme prevails in competitive free market ensuring fair profit (Marchildon, et al. 2004). Since 1960, the United States healthcare expenditures increased yearly in both absolute and relative terms and in 1980, the annual rate of increase was always in the double-digit range (Jonas, Goldsteen, and Goldsteen 2007). Uncontrolled health care cost and spending accounts much of the reason for increasing costs of health insurance in the United States plus a decline in the employment based insurance reflected a fundamental flaw in the current health care system (Andersen, Rice and Kominski 2007). Health Care Outcomes: Health of the population is a concern for governments and certain goals and standards must be met to ensure a better quality of life. Based on health indicators used to evaluate the effectiveness of services rendered, a study concluded that the current health care system delivery of the United States resulted to poor outcomes (Henderson 2008). A health indicator reflects more than the health care delivery as it either praises or fault a system where life expectancy and infant mortality rate indicates whether aspects such as environment, lifestyle choices, and social problems are properly addressed. In the U.S., male life expectancy at birth was lower at 75.2 years and female life expectancy at 80.4 years. In Canada, male life expectancy was 77.8 and 82.6 years for females. The infant mortality rate in the U.S. is also higher by 5.3 percent than in Canada (Henderson 2008). The poor performance of the U.S. healthcare system could mean that the higher investment in health services does not generate an equal return for its consumers and the consumption of health services is not really value driven (Cohn and Hough 2008). The assessment of the quality of care faced two key challenges and these reflects the involvement of varied factors outside the health care system (Andersen, Rice and Kominski 2007). Adequate methods in managing the variations in health profile and severity of illness must be compared in using the first key challenge in comparison of health plans and providers (Andersen, Rice and Kominski 2007). Moreover, the second challenge is the issue of attribution in using the outcomes data where the determination of the extent to which the health plans or physician that is being evaluated is responsible for the observed outcomes. Despite the use of several indicators to assess the effectiveness of health care systems, several factors can affect the health outcomes and not all of these can be modified by the health care delivery system (Andersen, Rice and Kominski 2007). This could mean that the lower infant and mortality rate in Canada reflects the quality of care and tells us more about the social conditions rather than the quality of health care delivery itself (Weitz 2009). Impact on the Economy: Economic evaluation is an important tool to gauge the impact of the healthcare outcomes because it considers both the financial and the social attributes of the health care system delivery. The most prominent and widely-used technique for analysis in the economic evaluations of health care systems is cost-effectiveness (Henderson 2008). Cost-effectiveness is integrated into the healthcare policies in Canada, Australia and Europe but the increasing value of it must not be rendered the sole factor in funding for a treatment project (Henderson 2008). Based on spending, Canada and the U.S. allot a significant percentage of their GDP to healthcare, higher than most industrialized nations. Canadas healthcare spending comprises 10 percent of its economy while the U.S. spends as much as 16 percent on healthcare. This big gap on spending between the two nations is due to the difference in overhead. Because of its single-payer system, Canada does not require the service of actuaries who set premiums or lawyers who deny care as the U.S. does. Nonetheless, the contribution of the health industry to the U.S. economy in many levels is a major factor why attempts toward major healthcare reforms have faced difficult opposition. In addition, the health sector makes major contributions in the overall income and employment in the United States (Cohn and Hough 2008). It was predicted that 16 percent of all new jobs created in the year 2012 will be in the health service industry with 10 of the 20 of the fast increasing job will be from the health care sector (Cohn and Hough 2008). Moreover, a ripple effect is created in the continuously growing healthcare industry due to its interconnectedness with the U.S. economy. Beyond its economic impact, there are plenty of qualitative reasons why healthcare is important. A strong healthcare infrastructure plus a leading health care organization would likely increase a community to be settled as a permanent residence for many individuals. Also, the presence of a healthcare facility in a community is important in business because of the industrys economic stability (Cohn and Hough 2008). Analysis: The comparison between the two countries respective health care system has presented knowledge about the differences in terms of public policy, coverage and access, price and the quality of healthcare, health care outcomes and the economy. The aforementioned literature has noted that government involvement played a major role in healthcare as governments have direct supervision, control, and regulation of the health care industry. Public policies addressed towards the need for universal access and coverage of healthcare differed in U.S. and Canada. All Canadians have a health care card that enables them to have access to basic health care services without the burden of directly paying because the government allocated a certain portion of their budget for the subsidization of health care costs. In the United States, there is no universally accessible health care delivery system because such service is restricted to the elderly and the most disadvantaged. The fact that most of the Amer icans do not have insurance is a problematic feature that drives calls for major reforms in the industry. What the Americans have are profit-centered insurance companies. This is the primary reason why the cost of health care in the U.S. is much higher than in Canada. Though reforms have been attempted, the issue is still unresolved as the healthcare industry threatens economic consequences should the private insurers and pharmaceutical companies start losing its profits. These companies, along with political pressure from anti-reform legislators have blocked the way for a major healthcare reform in the United States. Canada however was successful in the implementation of health care reform beginning in Saskatchewan in the 1960s In terms of expenditures, the literature also pointed to the high administrative costs make up bulk of healthcare cost in the United States. In Canada, this is properly subsidized by the government utilizing the decentralization of their public funding releg ated to their provincial governments. In terms of healthcare outcomes, the United States has a relatively poor performance in the most important evaluative tools of measuring the efficiency of its health care delivery. Infant morality rates scored high in the U.S. than in Canada along with the lowest years in both female and male life expectancy. This indicator reflects the kind of environment and the kind of sociopolitical issues the country is facing characterized with a high prevalence certain lifestyle diseases. Though not the sole reason for measuring quality of care, it is indeed a factor in the overall outcomes of health for both countries. In addition, the results of the health indicators for both countries emphasize not only the quality of care but also the social conditions present in each of their environment. Such conditions are very important aspects in the area of business of health care. People tend to choose their residence in a place where there is a visible and quality infrastructure such a state-of-the -art healthcare facilities. From an economic point of view, the health care industry proves to be a recession-proof industry as the need and demand for health care services are in constant in the community. The multibillion health care industries in the United States contributed much to the stability of the national economy of the country and this is also the reason for the failure of healthcare reform to materialize. Jobs and revenue generation constitutes a major issue in tackling health care in the United States, as with Canada. However, the subsidization is in effect in the Canadian health care system whereas in the U.S., some features of subsidization are being emulated in certain U.S. states, such as the value of cost-effectiveness in the measurement of their services over the price of services over time. Conclusion: Although the United States and Canada lie close to each other in terms of geography, the difference in their health care delivery system is unmistakable. In evaluating the various literature comparing the health care system of both countries, the Canadians seem to have a better health care delivery system than the United States based on three grounds. First, Canadas universal accessibility and coverage among its citizens to acquire basic health care services allows for the greater enjoyment of health rights than the restricted coverage offered in U.S. health care. Second, the health care outcomes that measures and evaluates the quality of care rendered among the healthcare consumers is relatively better in Canada than in the U.S. Lastly, the cost-effectiveness of the single-payer healthcare delivery system in Canada makes it a suitable model for other countries to follow.

Problems and Solutions in the Fight Against Urban Poverty Essay

Problems and solutions in the fight against urban poverty Introduction – the advent of capitalism and the resultant economic inequality There can be no talk of modern poverty without talking first of capitalism, and as such, the capitalist model of production and the exploitation of labor is where I will begin my paper. Capitalism evolved from the feudal system, which was incorporated into western European societies hundreds of years ago. Under the feudal system, serfs worked the land and handed the surplus of their production over to the nobles, who owned the land and accumulated the surplus. This surplus was visible, occurring literally in the form of produced goods, and the feudal system was linked to the control of the state, which is how it was sustained - through the threat of force from the armies at the disposal of the nobles. The economic system later evolved into pure capitalism similar to the modern form that we are now familiar with, which involves the ownership of private property. That is, there is no longer any semblance of a communal institution and the state has been shut out from any influence on the development of this property. What this means is that the state now exists for the sake of private property, and the result is that self-interest (the interest of the individual property holder) takes precedence over communal interest. The bottom line is that those who own the most capital then have the largest amount of influence over the state, and since the state is dependent on the commercial economy, economic and institutional power now go hand in hand. The effects of this system on the worker (as opposed to the capitalist) are overwhelmingly negative. Since most workers will never accumula... ...e, Wilbert The Functional Theory of Social Stratification in Bendix, R and Lipset, S (eds) Class, Status and Power, 2nd edition, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. 1967 Tumin, Melvin Some Principles of Stratification: A Critical Analysis. American Sociological Review, Vol. 18, No. 4. (Aug., 1953) Marable, Manning. How Capitalism Underdeveloped Black America: Problems in Race, Political Economy and Society. Cambridge: South End Press, 2000. Ofari, Earl, The Myth of Black Capitalism. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970 Tucker, ed, The Marx-Engels reader. New York: Norton, 1978. 2nd ed. Wilson, William J. The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, The Underclass, and Public Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. Woodson, Robert L., ed. On the Road to Economic Freedom: An Agenda for Black Progress. Washington, D.C.: Regenery Gateway, 1987.